Fig. 2

Histograms of step length and turning angle between hourly relocations, respectively, for the summer a, b and winter c, d season, overlaid with the state-dependent distributions as estimated by the HMMs selected by BIC. The state-dependent distributions were weighted according to the proportion of time spent in the different states, as inferred by the Viterbi sequence. Dashed black lines indicate the associated marginal observation distributions. Note that the x- and y-axes for step length were truncated at the upper range limit to facilitate visualisation (maximum observed step length was 3486 m for summer, and 3897 m for winter). Tables included in panels provide parameter estimates per state and model (mean step length with standard deviation; mean turning angle (phi) and angle concentration (kappa))