Fig. 4

Partitioning of ingested energy among work costs (grey tones) and production (warm tones) in foraging elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). Absolute costs for each seal are shown in the white panels (a), while proportions of total costs are averaged across the three groups in the grey panel (b), where ST = seals during the short foraging trip, LT = seals during the long foraging trip, and DG = seals with added drag during the short trip. Within each group, seals are listed from left to right in order of increasing body size. If locomotion costs in LT seals are similar to those of ST seals, basal metabolism would have to be suppressed by approximately 22 % in pregnant seals (see text)