Fig. 4

Deviation of estimated dates of parturition from the true dates of parturition for the analysis of parturition indicators (API), the behavioral change point analysis (BCPA), the individual based method (IBM), the Peterson method, the population based method (PBM), and the rolling minimum convex polygons method (rMCP). On average, dates calculated by the API, BCPA, IBM, Peterson, PBM, and rMCP were 3.6 (CV = 2.11), 14.6 (CV = 0.87), 9.6 (CV = 1.37), 5.3 (CV = 1.80), 12.1 (CV = 0.93) and 3.7 (CV = 2.03) days off from the true date of parturition, respectively. Estimated dates of parturition were derived using movement patterns of GPS collared mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) with known parturition dates during 2023 in Utah, USA