Fig. 3

Examples of analysis methods for GPS and Inertial Measurement Unit data with relevance to predation energetics. a Cluster analysis of GPS data allows detection of kill sites by detecting spatially and temporally clustered locations, indicated by the dots here, e.g. [134, 144]. b Dead-reckoning animal movement paths using GPS, accelerometer and magnetometer data allow the tortuosity of movement paths to be captured and can be used to reconstruct paths of hunting predators [121]. Here the black line represents the straight-line distances between subsequent GPS points, while the green line represents a dead-reckoned path. c Behaviour classification of data from IMU sensors such as accelerometers can be used to distinguish predation from other behaviours e.g., [145]. Note that the proxy for energy expenditure here can take the form of raw sensor data such as individual acceleration axes or metrics such as VeDBA or ODBA