Evaluating density-weighted connectivity of black bears (Ursus americanus) in Glacier National Park with spatial capture–recapture models

Table 3 Best AIC-ranked ecological distance SCR model results for female and male black bears in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA, including untransformed maximum likelihood estimates (MLE), associated standard errors (SE), and 95% confidence intervals (CI)

Parameter and coefficient description		MLE	SE	95% CI	MLE	SE	95% CI
Parameter and coefficient description		Females			Males
p0 (baseline detection probability)	Intercept (bear rub)	− 6.20	0.30	− 6.8 to − 5.61	− 7.77	0.29	− 8.37 to 7.17
	β rub behavior	0.99	0.10	0.79–1.20	1.35	0.09	1.16–1.54
	β bear rub effort	− 0.04	0.09	− 0.03 to 0.33	0.16	0.07	0.02 to 0.29
	β hair snare	0.73	0.37	0.01–1.46	− 0.05	0.30	− 0.64 to 0.53
	β hair snare effort	2.47	0.34	1.79–3.14	3.63	0.31	3.02–4.24
	β forest cover	0.15	0.08	0.01–0.30	0.09	0.07	− 0.03 to 0.23
	β Julian day	0.25	0.09	0.07–0.42	5.05	0.49	4.09–6.01
	β std. of terrain curvature	− 0.09	0.06	− 0.22 to 0.02	− 0.22	0.06	− 0.33 to − 0.10
	β Julian day quadratic effect				− 1.95	0.21	− 2.36 to − 1.53
σ (spatial scaling)	Intercept	0.55	0.09	0.36–0.74	1.04	0.21	0.63–1.45
δ (resistance or cost of movement)	β drainages binary	− 0.53	0.15	− 0.83 to − 0.23
	β forest cover				− 0.85	0.29	− 1.41 to − 0.29
	β distance to drainages				1.50	0.45	0.62–2.39
	β transportation corridor				2.20	0.30	1.61–2.79
Density (bears per 4km² pixel)	Intercept (D₀)	− 0.44	0.13	− 0.69 to − 0.19	− 0.99	0.09	− 1.81 to − 0.81
	β forest cover	0.22	0.11	0.00–0.44	0.04	0.19	− 0.33 to 0.42
	β grizzly density				− 0.18	0.09	− 0.35 to − 0.01

ISSN: 2051-3933