Table 1 List of covariates hypothesized to influence movement cost for black bears and tested in SCR ecological distance models in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA, 2004
SCR resistance parameter (δ) | Covariate | Expected effect on resistance to movement | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
δ (resistance parameter, i.e., movement cost) | Paved road density | Increase | |
Distance to paved roads | Decrease | ″ | |
BNSF railway | Increase | ||
US2 presence/absence | Increase | ″ | |
Distance to US2/BNSF railway | Decrease | ″ | |
Transport corridor: linear combination of US2 and railway | Increase | ″ | |
Going-to-the-sun Road | Increase | ″ | |
Terrain curvature (SD) | Increase | ||
Terrain curvature (Mean) | Increase | ″ | |
Aspen/deciduous forest presence/absence | Decrease | [102] | |
Riparian vegetation presence/absence | Decrease | ″ | |
Distance to drainage | Increase | ||
Drainage present | Decrease | ″ | |
Forest cover (all) | Decrease |