Fig. 2

Structural Equation Model assesses the direct and indirect effects of functional traits on standardized dispersal rate (standardized D_rate) among the four plant types: woody invasive, woody native, herbaceous invasive, and herbaceous native plants. The solid lines denote similar effects, but the dashed lines denote significantly different effects among the four plant types. The values on the solid and dashed lines are regression coefficients (or slopes), and the values in the parentheses are standard errors of the regression coefficients. Height: whole plant height (m); LDMC: leaf dry mass per leaf fresh mass (mg g⁻¹); Seed length (mm); Seed mass (mg); Plant longevity (year)