Multi-isotope (δ2H, δ13C, δ15N) feather profiles and morphometrics inform patterns of migratory connectivity in three species of North American swallows

Table 1 Mean (± 1SE in per mil) stable isotope values carbon (δ¹³C_f), nitrogen (δ¹⁵N_f) and hydrogen (δ²H_f) of (winter-grown) feathers from adult Bank, Barn and Cliff swallows sampled at breeding locations in Canada and the United States, 2009–2019

Species	Population	N	δ¹³C_f	δ¹⁵N_f	δ²H_f
Bank Swallow	Yukon	26	− 19.75 ± 0.44	10.49 ± 0.2	− 44.05 ± 3.4
	Saskatchewan	74	− 20.15 ± 0.33	10.99 ± 0.13	− 46.61 ± 1.41
	Ontario	76	− 20.41 ± 0.36	10.68 ± 0.16	− 54.07 ± 1.11
Barn Swallow	Pacific group (Pac)	72	− 20.28 ± 0.28	10.34 ± 0.2	− 64.5 ± 1.98
	British Columbia (Pac)	15	− 21.24 ± 0.37	10.88 ± 0.47	− 70.9 ± 3.68
	Seattle (Pac)	38	− 19.78 ± 0.46	10.25 ± 0.3	− 65.23 ± 3.17
	California (Pac)	19	− 20.53 ± 0.39	10.09 ± 0.28	− 57.99 ± 2.24
	Saskatchewan	49	− 21.89 ± 0.39	10.31 ± 0.15	− 71.31 ± 2.43
	Manitoba	43	− 20.28 ± 0.49	10.16 ± 0.17	− 62.36 ± 1.68
	East group	220	− 17.69 ± 0.25	11.32 ± 0.11	− 50.13 ± 0.94
	Ontario (East)	167	− 17.81 ± 0.29	11.3 ± 0.12	− 49.36 ± 1.09
	Quebec (East)	10	− 16.03 ± 0.76	11.89 ± 0.53	− 52.41 ± 3.95
	New Brunswick (East)	43	− 17.61 ± 0.61	11.26 ± 0.27	− 52.6 ± 2.09
	S. United States (sUS)	140	− 18.49 ± 0.32	11.13 ± 0.13	− 44.66 ± 1.07
	Colorado (sUS)	25	− 19.75 ± 0.6	10.66 ± 0.29	− 47.09 ± 2.57
	Texas (sUS)	31	− 18.82 ± 0.73	10.96 ± 0.29	− 47.01 ± 2.04
	Mississippi (sUS)	33	− 17.82 ± 0.65	11.45 ± 0.25	− 36.97 ± 1.7
	Alabama (sUS)	51	− 18.12 ± 0.56	11.26 ± 0.22	− 47.03 ± 1.86
Cliff Swallow	Yukon	59	− 20.73 ± 0.19	12.12 ± 0.11	− 51.73 ± 0.87
	British Columbia	14	− 19.54 ± 0.27	12.05 ± 0.26	− 57.94 ± 1.38
	Saskatchewan	55	− 20.42 ± 0.2	12.2 ± 0.09	− 51.63 ± 0.75
	Ontario	37	− 16.65 ± 0.35	11.42 ± 0.14	− 49.48 ± 1.35

ISSN: 2051-3933