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Table 3 Output of the LMM with the square root of the glide ratio included as dependent variable, number of fixes, hour of the day, harness type and species as fixed terms, individual identity and date as random intercepts. The model included only gliding segment with vertical speed < 0.2 ms−1. The interaction term between harness type and species was not significant and therefore excluded

From: Effect of harness design for tag attachment on the flight performance of five soaring species

 

Gliding segments

Fixed effects

estimate (St. Err.)

 

Intercept

3.35 (0.20)***

Leg-loop

0.16 (0.08)*

Tawny eagle

−0.41 (0.28)

Griffon vulture

0.09 (0.22)

Himalayan vulture

0.003 (0.23)

Rüppell’s vulture

−0.30 (0.26)

Hour

0.009 (0.03)

Number of fixes

-0.005 (0.0005)***

Random effects (N. groups)

intercept St. Dev.

 

Individuals

0.15 (10)

Date

0.16 (7)

Observations

859

Marginal R\(^2\)

0.12

Conditional R\(^2\)

0.16

  1. s\(^{-1}\).
  2. \(p<\)0.1; *\(p<\)0.05; **\(p<\)0.01; ***\(p<\)0.001