Figure 1

The feedback links between the phenotype (composed of morphology/physiology and the strategy set, see text) and the environment. There is an important distinction between the observable environment, which includes cues for decision-making, and the actual decisive aspects of the environment that determine the outcome, and thus the fitness, associated with the chosen action. Organisms would not have a problem if the observable environment equals the decisive environment, but since these are often distinct in space and time, an organism should respond to cues that are proxies for the decisive environment.