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Table 3 Age, sex, and year differences in sun elevation angle at the time of departure for nine species of songbirds. Age and sex are only included when we could accurately estimate these variables (see Methods)

From: Songbirds initiate migratory flights synchronously relative to civil dusk

 

Age

Sex

Year

American Redstart (Spring)

Setophaga ruticilla

(n = 31)

F1,27 = 1.6, P = 0.214

F1,27 = 1.0, P = 0.327

F1,27 = 10.0, P = 0.004

American Redstart (Spring - two outliers removed)

(n = 29)

F1,25 = 0.4, P = 0.556

F1,25 = 1.3, P = 0.270

F1,25 = 0.2, P = 0.660

Ovenbird (Spring)

Seiurus aurocapilla

(n = 17)

F1,14 = 0.2, P = 0.670

-

F1,14 = 0.1, P = 0.794

Swainson’s Warbler (Spring)

Limnothlypis swainsonii

(n = 14)

-

-

F1,12 = 1.2, P = 0.295

Kirtland’s Warbler (Spring)

Setophaga kirtlandii

(n = 66)

F1,62 = 0.6, P = 0.441

F1,62 = 3.2, P = 0.080

F1,62 = 1.0, P = 0.321

Kirtland’s Warbler (Fall)

Setophaga kirtlandii

(n = 46)

F2,41 = 0.4, P = 0.685

F1,41 = 3.8, P = 0.057

F1,41 = 0.8, P = 0.373

Gambel’s White-crowned Sparrow (Fall)

Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii

(n = 49)

-

F1,46 = 1.8, P = 0.191

F1,46 = 0.03, P = 0.861

Bicknell’s Thrush (Fall)

Catharus bicknelli

(n = 19)

F1,12 = 0.1, P = 0.795

-

F1,12 = 0.2, P = 0.674

Swainson’s Thrush (Fall)

Catharus ustulatus

(n = 23)

-

-

Χ2 = 1.5, df = 3, P = 0.690

Swainson’s Thrush (Fall)

Catharus ustulatus

(n = 65)

Χ2 = 2.2, df = 1, P = 0.138

 

Χ2 = 2.4, df = 1, P = 0.125

Blackpoll Warbler (Fall)

Setophaga striata

(n = 49)

Χ2 = 0.2, df = 1, P = 0.686

-

Χ2 = 0.01, df = 1, P = 0.916

Yellow-rumped Warbler (Fall)

Setophaga coronata

(n = 17)

-

-

Χ2 = 0.1, df = 1, P = 0.752