Table 1 Translocation spectrum.

De-extinction

Resurrection (through technological means) and reinstatement of formerly extinct species

Robert et al. [34]

Reintroduction

Re-establishment of population following extinction or extirpation

IUCN [25], Seddon [36]

Reinforcement

Supplementation of an existing population of conspecifics to improve viability through increased recruitment and/or genetic heterogeneity

IUCN [25], Seddon [36]

Trophic wilding

Creation of ecological interactions and/or cascades to promote self-regulating biodiverse ecosystems, including mitigation of biological invasions and improving biotic resistance

Svenning et al. [38], Fortin et al. [19]

Ecological replacement

Replacement of an extinct species with a close relative of the same genus to fill their specific ecological niche

Seddon and Soorae [37], IUCN [25]

Assisted colonisation

Relocation outside of indigenous range to mitigate extinction or perceived anthropogenic threats like climate change and wholesale habitat loss

Carter et al. [10], IUCN [25]

Community construction

Creation of entirely new or novel species assemblages and ecosystems

Seddon [36], Seastedt et al. [35]