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Table 7 Mixed models of intra-individual differences between post- and pre-breeding migration routes (n = 55 individuals)

From: Across the deserts and sea: inter-individual variation in migration routes of south-central European barn swallows (Hirundo rustica)

Predictor

χ2

d.f

P

Least-square means (SE)

 

Length of migration path (LMP)

Migration period (MP)

13.67

1

< 0.001

Post-br.: 5715 (117)

Pre-br.: 6152 (152)

 

Sex

0.04

1

0.850

   

Year

3.12

1

0.091

   

Study area

0.88

2

0.429

   

MP × sex

0.67

1

0.407

   

MP × year

1.16

1

0.283

   

MP × study area

0.79

2

0.654

   

Path straightness (PS)

Migration period (MP)

15.53

1

< 0.001

Post-br.: 82.92 (1.07)

Pre-br.: 78.09 (1.63)

 

Sex

0.07

1

0.791

   

Year

0.11

1

0.756

   

Study area

2.02

2

0.986

   

MP × sex

1.08

1

0.303

   

MP × year

2.90

1

0.092

   

MP × study area

0.85

2

0.630

   

Migration speed (MS)

Migration period (MP)

28.39

1

< 0.001

Post-br.: 201.99 (9.44)

Pre-br.: 293.78 (14.57)

 

Sex

0.18

1

0.678

   

Year

10.53

1

< 0.001

2010: 271.32 (11.26)

2011: 224.44 (13.15)

 

Study area

17.8

2

< 0.001

SE: 300.40 (17.30)a

SW: 227.81 (14.28)b

N: 215.44 (12.25)b

MP × sex

0.00

1

0.982

   

MP × year

0.60

1

0.440

   

MP × study area

0.16

2

0.938

   

Duration of migration (DM)

Migration period (MP)

13.06

1

< 0.001

Post-br.: 31.23 (1.31)

Pre-br.: 24.01 (1.38)

 

Sex

0.36

1

0.565

   

Year

18.79

1

< 0.001

2010: 23.72 (1.16)

2011: 31.53 (1.36)

 

Study area

16.08

2

< 0.001

SE: 22.36 (1.79)a

SW: 29.23 (1.48)b

N: 31.28 (1.27)b

MP × sex

0.04

1

0.840

   

MP × year

2.13

1

0.151

   

MP × study area

0.85

2

0.653

   
  1. Different superscript letters indicate significant (P < 0.05) pairwise differences at Tukey post-hoc tests. Statistically significant predictors are highlighted in boldface