Fig. 5

Continuous behaviour records and GPS fixes of duck 5210 from 21/11/2020 to 31/01/2021 (i.e. 68 days, excluding 4 days with failed fixes) for daily distance estimation. Scatterplot showing that the daily distances travelled based on continuous behavioural records are significantly larger than distances calculated from hourly GPS fixes (mean GPS-based distance = 5183 m, mean behaviour-based distance = 7665 m). The diagonal represents a 1:1 ratio. Insets [1] and [2] are schematic scenarios for two GPS fixes (i.e. with one hour difference in this study), where blue lines indicate GPS-based distances (i.e. Haversine distance between two fixes) and red dotted lines indicate possible true flight routes if behaviour-based distance is larger than GPS-based distance