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Table 2 Model averaging outputs for the top models based on ∆AICc <  = 6 for (a) the occurrence distribution (log-normal distribution) and (b) average maximum daily displacement (log-normal distribution) for 81 individual ravens GPS-tagged for 2.75 years in the Austrian Alps

From: The spatial and temporal exploitation of anthropogenic food sources by common ravens (Corvus corax) in the Alps

a) Occurrence distribution (n = 376 estimates from 81 birds)

Log-transformed model estimates

Back-transformed estimates as % change

Fixed effects

Estimate

Unc. SE

95% CI

RVI

Estimate

Unc. SE

95% CI

Intercept

−  0.58

0.64

[− 1.84,0.68]

 

− 43.99

90.01

[− 84.15, 97.86]

JuvenileÏ®

− 0.84

0.25

[− 1.34, − 0.34]

1.00

−  56.82

28.81

[− 73.75, − 28.97]

Wild-caught+

2.20

0.43

[1.36, 3.04]

1.00

800.34

53.39

[288.17, 1988.28]

Spring‡

− 2.73

0.25

[− 3.22, − 2.25]

1.00

− 93.50

28.12

[− 96.00, − 89.42]

Summer‡

− 1.78

0.18

[− 2.14, − 1.42]

1.00

− 83.15

20.30

[− 88.29, − 75.77]

Winter‡

− 0.44

0.25

[− 0.93, 0.05]

1.00

− 35.46

28.40

[− 60.53, 5.52]

2018*

1.59

0.44

[0.73, 2.45]

1.00

391.41

54.87

[107.92, 1061.38]

2019*

2.03

0.48

[1.08, 2.98]

1.00

661.94

62.13

[194.63, 1870.55]

2020*

3.64

0.61

[2.44, 4.84]

1.00

3699.67

84.19

[1043.11, 12,530.22]

Maleǂ

0.37

0.29

[− 0.40, 1.14]

0.35

44.35

33.59

[− 33.29, 212.34]

Fixes by days

− 0.30

0.21

[− 0.68, 0.07]

0.55

− 26.21

22.95

[− 49.14, 7.04]

b) Average maximum daily displacement (n = 376 estimates from 81 birds)

Log-transformed model estimates

Back-transformed estimates as % change

Fixed effects

Estimate

Unc. SE

95% CI

RVI

Estimate

Unc. SE

95% CI

Intercept

− 1.17

0.35

[− 1.85, − 0.49]

 

− 69.02

41.44

[− 84.33, − 38.76]

JuvenileÏ®

− 0.53

0.13

[− 0.78, − 0.29]

1.00

− 41.27

13.34

[− 54.09, − 24.88]

Wild-caught+

1.29

0.24

[0.83, 1.76]

1.00

264.58

26.69

[128.97, 480.50]

Spring‡

− 0.29

0.17

[− 0.54, − 0.03]

0.49

− 24.98

18.52

[− 41.81, − 3.28]

Summer‡

− 0.18

0.11

[− 0.37, 0.01]

0.49

− 16.31

11.77

[− 30.60, 0.93]

Winter‡

− 0.05

0.09

[− 0.31, 0.21]

0.49

− 4.87

9.91

[− 26.32, 22.82]

2018*

0.79

0.22

[0.35, 1.23]

1.00

120.87

25.07

[42.25, 242.94]

2019*

0.73

0.24

[0.25, 1.21]

1.00

107.07

27.51

[28.41, 233.93]

2020*

1.03

0.28

[0.47, 1.59]

1.00

179.25

32.96

[59.49, 388.95]

Maleǂ

0.02

0.11

[− 0.41, 0.45]

0.25

2.10

11.64

[− 33.60, 57.00]

Fixes by days

− 0.33

0.12

[− 0.54, − 0.12]

0.98

− 28.03

12.44

[− 41.71, − 11.13]

  1. Reference categories: ϮAge class: ‘adult’, + origin: ‘captive-released’, ‡season: ‘autumn’, *year: ‘2017’, and ǂsex: ‘female’. Predictors with a relative variable importance (RVI) greater that 80% (i.e., 0.8) are highlighted in bold along with the respective confidence intervals (95% CI)