Fig. 1

Conceptual and methodological model used to assess the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on movement behaviour, resource selection, habitat quality, and connectivity. We first used hidden Markov models to estimate the effects of anthropogenic development on movement behaviour and to classify data into slow and fast states of movement. Second, we used those state probabilities in SSF models to evaluate state-specific responses to anthropogenic development. Next, we used the combination of hidden Markov movement models and SSF models to simulate movement paths under multiple landscape scenarios. We used simulated locations to estimate habitat use (utilization distributions) for slow, fast, and all steps combined. We used simulated paths to estimate Merriam's connectivity through movement corridors. We compared results from current and future conditions to a reference condition with no anthropogenic development