African wild dog movements show contrasting responses to long and short term risk of encountering lions: analysis using dynamic Brownian bridge movement models

Table 2 Effects on wild dog Brownian motion variance of variables related to the local risk of lion encounter, prey density and anthropogenic effects

Variable	Estimate	SE	Z-score	P value
(Intercept)	9.528	0.177	54.154	< 0.001
Lion utilization value (log scale)	− 0.115	0.013	− 9.166	< 0.001
Distance to tributary	− 0.002	0.012	− 0.355	0.889
Distance to Kafue river	0.087	0.025	3.493	< 0.001
Distance to national park boundary	− 0.045	0.019	− 2.375	0.013
Distance to road	0.036	0.019	1.874	0.061
Designation: national park	− 0.094	0.093	− 1.004	0.316
Designation: no protection	− 0.089	0.200	− 0.446	0.656
Season: wet	− 0.411	0.025	− 16.358	< 0.001
Vegetation: grassland	− 0.005	0.032	0.163	0.871
Vegetation: open canopy	− 0.058	0.030	− 1.918	0.055
Reproductive status: pups	− 0.215	0.030	− 7.144	< 0.001
Breeding status: non-breeding	0.864	0.045	19.253	< 0.001
Lion proximity: close	0.251	0.087	− 2.872	0.004

Coefficient estimates with associated standard errors (SE), Z-scores, and P values, for data aggregated over periods of 6 months. Bold lettering denotes P < 0.01

ISSN: 2051-3933