African wild dog movements show contrasting responses to long and short term risk of encountering lions: analysis using dynamic Brownian bridge movement models

Table 1 Effects on wild dog Brownian motion variance of variables related to the local risk of lion encounter, prey density and anthropogenic effects

Variable	Estimate (b)	SE	Z-score	P value
(Intercept)	9.471	0.139	67.987	< 0.001
Lion utilization value (log scale)	− 0.103	0.019	− 5.352	< 0.001
Distance to tributary	0.028	0.012	2.396	0.017
Distance to Kafue river	0.023	0.024	0.975	0.330
Distance to national park boundary	− 0.013	0.018	− 0.732	0.464
Distance to road	− 0.024	0.023	− 1.059	0.290
Designation: national park	− 0.119	0.061	− 1.971	0.049
Designation: no protection	0.431	0.148	2.923	0.005
Season: wet	− 0.309	0.025	− 12.426	< 0.001
Vegetation: grassland	− 0.0001	0.030	0.004	0.996
Vegetation: open canopy	− 0.030	0.028	− 1.049	0.294
Reproductive status: pups present	− 0.355	0.027	− 12.977	< 0.001
Breeding status: non-breeding	1.027	0.042	24.584	< 0.001
Lion proximity: close	0.261	0.080	− 3.268	0.001

Coefficient estimates with associated standard errors (SE), Z-scores, and P values, for data aggregated over periods of one year. Bold lettering denotes P < 0.01

ISSN: 2051-3933