Fig. 1

Caribou sampled in Northwestern Canada for seasonal movement analyses. Black numbered circles indicate sampled populations (also referred to as “herds”, as they might not be genetically or ecologically distinct). Circles are proportional to sample size per population (mean = 13.07, SD = 9.57, range 1–33). Grey-scale polygons show the distribution of subspecies and ecotypes: diagonal black lines represent the Barren-ground subspecies (R. t. groenlandicus); black-dots, black, and light gray represent the Northern Mountain, Central Mountain, and Boreal ecotypes, respectively, within the Woodland caribou subspecies (R. t. caribou). A summary table of our sample of monitored caribou individuals is in Additional file 4: Data file S1