Estimating the movements of terrestrial animal populations using broad-scale occurrence data

Table 1 Examples of occurrence datasets that are publicly available or can be accessed through a registered user account

Example occurrence dataset	Sensor type	Taxa	Spatial extent	Temporal extent
iNaturalist; https://www.inaturalist.org [61]	Crowdsourced human observers	Any	Global	2008–present
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF); https://www.gbif.org/ [70]	Professional, governmental, and crowdsourced human observers	Any	Global	2001–present
eBird; https://ebird.org/ [36]	CROWDSOURCED human observers	Birds	Global	1800–present
Herpmapper https://www.herpmapper.org/ [71]	Crowdsourced human observers	Herptiles	Global	2013–present
eButterfly; https://www.e-butterfly.org/ [62]	Crowdsourced human observers	Lepidoptera	North America	2011–present
UK Butterfly Monitoring Scheme; https://ukbms.org [59, 72, 73]	Volunteer, professional, and governmental human observers	Lepidoptera	United Kingdom	1976–present
United States weather surveillance radar [74, 75]	Weather surveillance radar	Aerofauna	North America	1991–present
European weather surveillance radar; OPERA [60, 76]	Weather surveillance radar	Aerofauna	Europe	2012–present
North American Bat Monitoring Program; [77] https://www.nabatmonitoring.org/	Professional and governmental acoustic surveys	Bats	North America	2009–present
Snapshot USA (eMammal); https://emammal.si.edu/snapshot-usa [55]	Crowdsourced camera traps	Terrestrial mammals	United States	2019–present
FrogID; https://www.frogid.net.au/ [56, 78]	Crowdsourced human observers via acoustic app	Frogs	Australia	2017–present

The temporal extent is noted for each dataset, though it is important to recognize that most of these efforts have a significant “ramp up” period, and the frequency and quality of data from the earliest years may not be high enough to support broad-scale analyses. This list is not exhaustive and is meant to illustrate different taxonomic examples across the globe that could be used to infer population-level movement

ISSN: 2051-3933