Fig. 1

Map of SSM-filtered location estimates for chick-rearing Adélie penguins (n = 23 individuals on n = 27 foraging trips) at Béchervaise Island. Top panels illustrate move persistence values \({(\gamma }_{t})\), for guard (a) and creche (b), where darker colours indicate lower autocorrelation in speed and directionality along animal movement trajectories (see Methods for details). Move persistence values < 0.75 are emphasised in dark blue open circles. Bottom panels show location estimates coloured by wiggles during guard (c) and bottom duration during crèche (d), which were selected as the best behavioural predictors in move persistence mixed effects models (see Results for details). To standardise across individuals, wiggles and bottom duration are presented relative to the maximum value recorded for each individual foraging trip. Bathymetric contours are displayed at 100 m intervals. Major bathymetric features (shelf break and other bathymetric features > 1000 m), are illustrated by black dashed lines. Major land features are shown in grey. Inset panel in (a) shows the study region (red circle) in East Antarctica