Fig. 6

Breeding (orange) and non-breeding (light-blue) distributions of three simulated species (top, a-c), with filled black rectangles indicating the 20 potential sampling sites. Below each population are Mantel scores from replicate simulated studies applied to populations simulated within each range with three levels of connectivity; high (top, d-f), medium (middle, g-i), and low (bottom, j-l). Each point represents a sample of 200 individuals taken from between 3 and 20 sampling sites, with sites selected at random from the pools shown in Panels a-c. Point colour represents the mean distance between sampling sites in a given replicate study (blue is high, grey is medium, and red is low). Dashed horizontal line (d–l) indicates mantel score for the entire population