Table 1 Estimates, standard errors and p-values of the effect of the distance to the light, the spectrum and the mutual interaction on the probability of bats flying inside the forest when unlit control (A) and white spectrum (B) were used as intercept (***p < .001, **p < .01, *p < .05). Results are presented for all positions, and positions above, under, behind and in front of the light (see Fig. 1 for placement definitions), and derived from generalized linear mixed models
From: Bats seek refuge in cluttered environment when exposed to white and red lights at night
Eptesicus/Nyctalus | Myotis/Plecotus | Pipistrellus | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
All positions | N=1788 | N=692 | N=26,166 | |
Dist. to light | −0.950 ± 0.020 *** | −1.864 ± 0.736 * | −0.188 ± 0.036 *** | |
Spectrum | (A) Unlit vs. Red | −0.679 ± 4.278 | 3.056 ± 4.055 | 5.185 ± 1.570 *** |
(A) Unlit vs. White | 18.890 ± 4.004 *** | 16.736 ± 7.994 * | 3.522 ± 1.491* | |
(B) White vs. Red | −19.569 ± 3.502 *** | −13.680 ± 8.379 | 1.663 ± 1.509 | |
Dist. to light: Spectrum | (A) Unlit vs. Red | −1.013 ± 0.044 *** | −0.508 ± 0.376 | −0.802 ± 0.067 *** |
(A) Unlit vs. White | −1.639 ± 0.435 *** | −1.537 ± 0.742 * | −0.385 ± 0.040 *** | |
(B) White vs. Red | 0.625 ± 0.055 *** | 1.029 ± 0.790 | −0.417 ± 0.059 *** | |
Vertical location: above light | N=1708 | N=465 | N=19,438 | |
Dist. to light | −0.951 ± 0.020 *** | −1.715 ± 794 * | −0.207 ± 0.038 *** | |
Spectrum | (A) Unlit vs. Red | 37.339 ± 8.043 *** | −4.277 ± 6.453 | 2.587 ± 1.690 |
(A) Unlit vs. White | 20.557 ± 3.787 *** | 7.801 ± 8.163 | 2.721 ± 1.596 . | |
(B) White vs. Red | 16.784 ± 8.092 * | −12.078 ± 8.351 | −0.134 ± 1.623 | |
Dist. to light: Spectrum | (A) Unlit vs. Red | −6.282 ± 0.187 *** | 0.783 ± 0.914 | −0.477 ± 0.074 *** |
(A) Unlit vs. White | −1.487 ± 0.044 *** | −0.507 ± 1.059 | −0.369 ± 0.043 *** | |
(B) White vs. Red | −4.795 ± 0.190 *** | 1.290 ± 0.856 | −0.108 ± 0.066 | |
Vertical location: under light | N=80 | N=227 | N=6728 | |
Dist. to light | / | / | −0.567 ± 0.043 *** | |
Spectrum | (A) Unlit vs. Red | / | / | 10.751 ± 2.080 *** |
(A) Unlit vs. White | / | / | 5.340 ± 1.944 ** | |
(B) White vs. Red | / | / | 5.411 ± 1.480 *** | |
Dist. to light: Spectrum | (A) Unlit vs. Red | / | / | −1.624 ± 0.197 *** |
(A) Unlit vs. White | / | / | −0.581 ± 0.162 *** | |
(B) White vs. Red | / | / | −1.044 ± 0.128 *** | |
Horizontal location: backside | N=895 | N=326 | N=6433 | |
Dist. to light | −0.520 ± 0.380 | / | −0.347 ± 0.548 | |
Spectrum | (A) Unlit vs. Red | −47.725 ± 29.775 | / | −10.136 ± 7.872 |
(A) Unlit vs. White | −13.521 ± 7.152 . | / | −5.289 ± 7.145 | |
(B) White vs. Red | −34.205 ± 28.608 | / | −4.847 ± 3.978 | |
Dist. to light: Spectrum | (A) Unlit vs. Red | 1.977 ± 1.134 . | / | 0.715 ± 0.588 |
(A) Unlit vs. White | 0.676 ± 0.408 . | / | 0.429 ± 0.559 | |
(B) White vs. Red | 1.302 ± 1.026 | / | 0.286 ± 0.240 | |
Horizontal location: front side | N=893 | N=366 | N=19,733 | |
Dist. to light | −0.748 ± 157 *** | 0.959 ± 0.602 | −0.555 ± 0.021 *** | |
Spectrum | (A) Unlit vs. Red | 1.082 ± 3.269 | 18.784 ± 9.528 * | 7.343 ± 1.893*** |
(A) Unlit vs. White | 6.229 ± 2.215 ** | 45.356 ± 20.498 * | 4.534 ± 1.818 * | |
(B) White vs. Red | −5.147 ± 3.384 | −26.572 ± 19.127 | 2.809 ± 1.779 | |
Dist. to light: Spectrum | (A) Unlit vs. Red | −0.538 ± 0.326 . | − 2.587 ± 1.036 * | −1.070 ± 0.079 *** |
(A) Unlit vs. White | −0.558 ± 0.170 ** | −5.466 ± 2.590 * | −0.468 ± 0.047 *** | |
(B) White vs. Red | 0.020 ± 0.338 | 2.879 ± 2.555 | −0.602 ± 0.070 *** | |