Table 3 Individual GPS features extracted per time window and cow

Distance

Net gross ratio

Distance between first and last position divided by sum of distances of all segments

Speed

Mean

Standard deviation

Median

Minimum

Maximum

First quartile

Third quartile

Autocorrelation function index

Autocorrelation value at a lag of 1 s

Brownian motion scaling parameter

See Eq. 1

Turning angle

ρ

Length of the mean resultant vector

Autocorrelation function index of the absolute turning angles

Autocorrelation value at a lag of 1 s

Absolute tangential velocity

Mean

Standard deviation

Median

Minimum

Maximum

First quartile

Third quartile

Autocorrelation function index

Autocorrelation value at a lag of 1 s

Mean Squared Displacement

Diffusion coefficient

The value of a in the fitted model MSD = aτ^b on MSD values for τ from 1 to 6

Diffusion power coefficient

The value of b in the fitted model MSD = aτ^b on MSD values for τ from 1 to 6

First Passage Time

Mean, 5 m radius

Variance of log, 5 m radius

Autocorrelation function index, 5 m radius

Autocorrelation value at a lag of 1 s

Radius with maximum variance of log (integers from 1 to 10 m)

Linear regression coefficient log radius vs. log mean FPT