Fig. 3

Sampling design used to study individual variation in African elephants (Loxodonta africanus, a) in Etosha Nationalpark. b Movement data were collected for 35 elephants between 2008 and 2015. Movement metrics were calculated on a weekly basis yielding 54–245 repeated measures per individual. c We divided the movement path of each elephant into weekly segments and calculated weekly means for three common movement metrics: daily movement distance, residence time (RT) in a circle of the individual’s average step length and turn angle correlation (TAC). We here show the movement path of one individual during a week in January