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Fig. 2 | Movement Ecology

Fig. 2

From: A guide for studying among-individual behavioral variation from movement data in the wild

Fig. 2

Possible relationships between behavioral types (among-individual variation in intercepts) and behavioral plasticity (non-zero slopes) along environmental gradients for mobile (a, b, c) and stationary (d, e, f) species. Mobile species may be exposed to a wider gradient of environmental conditions than range resident species, allowing to disentangle behavioral plasticity and behavioral types more easily. Individuals may adjust their behavior plastically to the local environment while not differing in behavioral type (a & d). Behavioral differences exist when individuals are not observed over the same environmental gradient (d). Alternatively, individual differences may fully account for behavioral differences with no behavioral plasticity to environmental conditions (b & e). In stationary species this may lead to non-random distribution of behavioral types when individuals choose habitats which match their behavior (e). Most likely, individual differences and behavioral plasticity to environmental conditions jointly contribute to observed behavioral differences (c & f). This figure has been adapted from Sprau and Dingemanse [107] and Niemelä and Dingemanse [26]

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