|
Energy intake maximisation strategy: muskoxen aim to maximise energy intake (i.e. time spent foraging and forage quality), only limited by digestive physiological constraints (i.e. time required for rumination)
|
|
S1INTAKE: time allocation only influenced by forage quality/quantity (e.g. landcover, NDVI) since forage quality/quantity determines time required for rumen fill and rumination
|
W1INTAKE: time allocation only influenced by forage quality/quantity/accessibility (e.g. landcover, snow depth) since forage quality/quantity/accessibility determines time required for rumen fill and rumination
|
|
S2INTAKE: probability of foraging remains constant independent of changes in environmental conditions (e.g. temperature, wind)
|
W2INTAKE: probability of foraging/resting remains constant independent of changes in environmental conditions (e.g. temperature, snow depth)
|
|
S3 INTAKE: no specific daily scheduling of activities
|
W3INTAKE: no specific daily scheduling of activities
|
|
S4INTAKE: no interannual differences in time allocation
|
W4INTAKE: no interannual differences in time allocation
|
|
Time minimisation strategy: muskoxen only forage the minimum required time to satisfy basic energetic needs, while reducing e.g. risk of predation
|
|
S1TIME: time allocation/state switching mainly influenced by forage quality/quantity (e.g. landcover, NDVI), time of day and light conditions
|
W1TIME: time allocation/state switching mainly influenced by forage quality/quantity/accessibility (e.g. landcover, snow depth), time of day and light conditions
|
|
S2TIME: proportion of time spent foraging decreases with increasing forage quality/quantity as same foraging effort yields higher energetic gains
|
W2TIME: proportion of time spent foraging increases with decreasing forage quality/quantity/accessibility to compensate for reduced energetic gains of foraging effort
|
|
S3TIME: specific daily scheduling of activities indicates avoidance of periods with e.g. higher risk of predation
|
W3TIME: specific daily scheduling of activities indicates avoidance of periods with e.g. higher risk of predation
|
|
Net energy maximisation strategy: muskoxen aim to maximise energy intake but switch to resting (i.e. energy conservation) as soon as constraints/costs of foraging outweigh gains of foraging effort
|
|
S1NET: time allocation/state switching mainly influenced by forage quality/quantity and environmental conditions representing constraints
|
W1NET: time allocation/state switching mainly influenced by forage quality/quantity/accessibility and environmental conditions representing constraints
|
|
S2NET: probability of foraging decreases with environmental conditions causing thermal stress or insect harassment (e.g. high temperature, low wind speed)
|
W2NET: probability of resting increases with conditions causing heat loss (e.g. low temperature, high wind speed) or increasing energetic costs of movement and forage access (e.g. deep snow)
|
|
S3NET: specific daily scheduling of activities indicates avoidance of daily periods during which constraints peak (e.g. highest temperatures)
|
W3NET: less pronounced specific daily scheduling of activities because peaks in constraints (e.g. temperature/snow depth) do not necessarily follow regular daily patterns
|
|
S4NET: interannual differences in time allocation depending on interannual differences in the strength of environmental constraints
|
W4NET: interannual differences in time allocation depending on interannual differences in the strength of environmental constraints
|
