Fig. 1

Argos tracks of juvenile (juvs, N = 17), and adult non-breeding king penguins (nb, N = 6) from Crozet Archipelago across seasons (a: Summer, b: Autumn, c: Winter; data for both years were pooled). The seasonal mean positions of the major oceanic fronts within the area are indicated by dashed lines: the Sub-Antarctic Front (SAF), the Antarctic Polar Front (APF) and the Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Front (SACCF). Solid white lines represent the mean positions of the northern limits for the Pack Ice Extent (PIE) and the Minimal Ice Extent (MIE) in February, as indicated. Numbers in (a) indicate the different zones delimited by oceanic fronts 1: Polar Frontal Zone (PFZ), 2: Antarctic Zone (AZ), 3: Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Zone (SACZ), 4: Seasonal Pack-Ice Zone (SPIZ). Main direction of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is also indicated