Table 2 Results of the spring and autumn models of arrival timing. The within- and between-species effects of the start of migration and total migration distance on arrival timing at the breeding areas (n_{species/populations} = 17; n_individuals = 161) and wintering grounds (n_{species/populations} = 21; n_individuals = 241) in migrant songbirds. Numeric variables were scaled. Significant effects are displayed in bold. To evaluate the biological effects of the estimates, the corresponding slopes were back-transformed into the original units of the equivalent traits (effect)

β₀ (intercept) [Julian date]

0.51

0.36–0.65

–

0.04–0.54

–

α_W (within-species effect of the start of migration) [Julian date]

0.28

0.12–0.43

0.39

0.16–0.49

0.41

γ_W (within-species effect of the total migration distance) [km]

0.10

0.06–0.14

0.0023

−0.01 – 0.06

0.0012

α_B (between-species effect of the start of migration) [Julian date]

0.40

0.27–0.53

0.56

0.39–0.85

0.77

γ_B (between-species effect of the total migration distance) [km]

0.10

0.03–0.17

0.0021

0.05–0.16

0.0048

 Groups

Names

Std. dev.

Std. dev.

 Study species

intercept

0.064

0.065

Slope: within-species effect of the start of migration

0.244

0.263

 Residuals

0.055

0.048

 Marginal R²

0.54

0.39

 Conditional R²

0.82

0.79