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Fig. 4 | Movement Ecology

Fig. 4

From: Incorporating periodic variability in hidden Markov models for animal movement

Fig. 4

Average step-length by time of day from out-of-sample predictions for BIC-optimal models in each category. All of the temporally heterogeneous models with the exception of the block model fit the observed pattern adequately, as does the prediction based on Viterbi residuals (which conditions on the observed step lengths, so is not truly out-of-sample); the temporally homogeneous models fail for all four cats. Dashed lines: FMMs; solid lines: HMMs; v points: within-sample Viterbi predictions of a three-state homogeneous HMM. Black line and grey ribbon show observed average step length by hour, ± two SE

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