Metapopulation viability of an endangered shorebird depends on dispersal and human-created habitats: piping plovers (Charadrius melodus) and prairie rivers

Table 3 Beta coefficients of the effect of group- and individual-specific covariates on survival and transition parameters from the top-ranked multi-state mark recapture model

Parameter	Covariate^a	Estimate	SE	\|β/SE\|^b	Lower 95 % CL	Upper 95 % CL
Survival (φ)	High flow	−0.276	0.377	0.732	−1.016	0.464
	Post-high flow	0.785	0.382	2.055	0.036	1.534
	Hatch Date (juvenile)	−0.031	0.008	3.875	−0.047	−0.016
	Age at Banding (juvenile)	0.032	0.035	0.914	−0.037	0.101
Transition (ψ)	Distance	−0.011	0.001	11.000	−0.014	−0.008
	High flow Emigration	1.690	0.256	6.602	1.189	2.191
	High flow Immigration	−2.279	1.026	2.221	−4.289	−0.268
	Post-high flow Immigration	1.010	0.251	4.024	0.517	1.502

^aCovariates used to predict survival and transition rates included: reproductive success – the effect of the number of chicks fledged/pair calculated for each subpopulation on both survival and transition rates; ‘high flow’ for the effect of high flows on survival of birds on M1F during the high flow ever (2010–2011); ‘post-high flow’ for the effect of the immediate post-high flow environment on survival on M1F (2011–2012); ‘hatch date’ controlled for this effect on hatch-year survival (appeared in all models); ‘age at banding’ controlled for this effect on hatch-year survival (appeared in all models); ‘distance’ for the effect of linear distances among different breeding areas on transition probabilities; ‘high flow emigration’ for the effect of high flows on emigration from M1F to the other subpopulations (2010–2011); ‘high flow immigration’ for the effect of high flows on immigration into M1F from other subpopulations (2010–2011); ‘post-high flow immigration’ for the effect of the immediate post-high flow environment on the immigration of individuals into M1F from the other subpopulations; and juvenile and adult indicate age-specific estimates
^bThe absolute value of the estimate divided by its standard error (i.e., t-value). This value allows comparison among the estimates scaled by standard error

ISSN: 2051-3933