Table 2 Reported flight speeds for kittiwakes and murres
From: Windscapes shape seabird instantaneous energy costs but adult behavior buffers impact on offspring
Location | Technique | Source | Ground speed (m/s) |
|---|---|---|---|
Black-legged Kittiwake | |||
Middleton Island, USA | GPS logger (17Â g) | Current study | 10.6 (no wind) |
Middleton Island, USA | GPS logger (11Â g) | [68] | 9.2 |
Varanger peninsula, Norway | Compared to car speedometer | [86] | 11 (headwind: 4Â m/s) |
Britain | Ornithodolite | [87] | 13.1 |
Thick-billed Murre | |||
Coats Island, Canada | GPS logger (25Â g) | Current study | 16.6 (no wind) |
Coats Island, Canada | Stopwatch over known distance | [88] | 20.9 |
Iceland | Compass data logger (29Â g) | [89] | 18.1 |
Prince Leopold Island, Canada | Stopwatch over known distance | [90] | 20.1 |
Common Murre | |||
Britain | Stopwatch over known distance | [91] | 22 |
Britain | Stopwatch over known distance | [92] | 18 |
Britain | Ornithodolite | [87] | 19.1 |
British Columbia, Canada | Marine radar | [93] | 19.7 |
Sweden | GPS logger (28Â g) | [94] | 20.1 outbound (prevailing tailwind) |
15.1 inbound (prevailing headwind) | |||
Russia | Stopwatch over known distance | [95] | 19.4 |