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Table 1 Summary of GLMMs run for different species modeling ground speed as a function of wind support (w s ), cross wind (w c ) and their interaction term (w s * w c ), using the three methods to determine ground speed and flight direction (instantaneous, next location and next location + 2 km) described in the text.

From: Flying with the wind: scale dependency of speed and direction measurements in modelling wind support in avian flight

Species

Median airspeed

 

w s

w c

w s * w c

Adj. R2

Intercept ± SE

N

Anas platyrhynchos

15.86

Instantaneous

***

*

NS

0.15

12.63±0.58

1293

  

Next location

*

NS

NS

0.02

5.65±0.22

418

  

Next location + 2 km Error

*

NS

NS

<0.01

4.61±0.04

1762

Anser albifrons

15.98

Instantaneous

***

NS

NS

0.45

14.91±0.6

151

  

Next location

NS

NS

NS

0.23

11.43±1.3

78

  

Next location + 2 km Error

NS

NS

NS

0.23

11.36±1.29

78

Branta leucopsis

15.83

Instantaneous

***

**

*

0.52

14.77±0.23

1124

  

Next location

***

NS

NS

0.26

10.66±0.41

661

  

Next location + 2 km Error

***

NS

NS

0.26

10.62±0.41

659

Ciconia ciconia

13.01

Instantaneous

***

*

NS

0.35

12.98±0.19

1534

  

Next location

***

NS

NS

0.22

7.24±0.32

972

  

Next location + 2 km Error

***

NS

NS

0.23

7.32±0.25

971

Creagrus furcatus

9.69

Instantaneous

***

***

NS

0.49

8.69±0.15

2001

  

Next location

***

***

NS

0.30

7.23±0.13

1632

  

Next location + 2 km Error

NS

NS

**

<0.01

7.68±0.46

4769

Cygnus cygnus

16.71

Instantaneous

***

***

NS

0.56

16.42±0.21

997

  

Next location

***

NS

NS

0.16

10.38±0.40

864

  

Next location + 2 km Error

***

NS

NS

0.16

10.31±0.40

867

Larus scoresbii

12.59

Instantaneous

**

NS

NS

0.31

10.80±0.64

190

  

Next location

NS

NS

NS

0.03

5.12±0.36

75

  

Next location + 2 km Error

NS

NS

NS

0.03

5.00±0.29

84

Phoebastria irrorata

13.30

Instantaneous

***

***

NS

0.66

12.45±0.18

2081

  

Next location

*

*

*

0.11

5.90±0.16

1500

  

Next location + 2 km Error

*

*

*

0.10

6.02±0.16

1519

Tadorna ferruginea

14.94

Instantaneous

***

*

NS

0.10

14.11±0.17

1250

  

Next location

NS

NS

NS

<0.01

8.22±-0.45

464

  

Next location + 2 km Error

NS

NS

NS

<0.01

8.32±-0.47

462

  1. ***= p<0.0001, **= p<0.001, *= p<0.05. N is the number of observations used in the models. SE is standard error of the estimate. Median airspeeds were estimated using instantaneous ground speed measurements and ECMWF data (see also Figure1) with vector addition, whereas the intercept represents an estimate of airspeed using the regressive model under no wind condition ( wsand wc= 0). In both cases a minimum ground speed of 4m/ s was used to filter locations that could have been stationary animals.