Table 3 Mann-Whitney tests for differences in proportional overlap of gray wolves (Canis lupus) with prey on and near the Grand Portage Indian Reservation, Minnesota, USA, 2012–2021. Population comparisons represent proportional overlap of individual-level wolf 95% UDs (n) with population-level 95% occurrence distributions of moose- (Alces alces) seasons (N) and resident, migratory, and composite white-tailed deer- (Odocoileus virginianus) seasons (N). A significant test (p < 0.05) indicates proportional overlap of wolves with specified populations differed during the specified season; the population with greater overlap is designated in the final column
From: Spatial overlap of gray wolves and ungulate prey changes seasonally corresponding to prey migration
n (wolves) | Population 1 (N) | Population 2 (N) | Season | W | p-value | Greater overlap |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
33 | Composite deer (45) | Moose (214) | Winter | 673 | 0.10 | N/A |
11 | Composite deer (104) | Moose (268) | Spring | 64 | 0.84 | N/A |
25 | Composite deer (96) | Moose (256) | Summer | 217 | 0.06 | N/A |
32 | Composite deer (73) | Moose (213) | Fall | 743 | < 0.01 | Composite deer |
33 | Resident deer (13) | Migratory deer (32) | Winter | 794 | < 0.01 | Migratory deer |
11 | Resident deer (35) | Migratory deer (69) | Spring | 76 | 0.32 | N/A |
25 | Resident deer (29) | Migratory deer (67) | Summer | 431 | 0.02 | Migratory deer |
32 | Resident deer (18) | Migratory deer (55) | Fall | 795 | < 0.01 | Migratory deer |