Fig. 3
From: Spatial overlap of gray wolves and ungulate prey changes seasonally corresponding to prey migration
Seasonal proportional overlap of gray wolves (Canis lupus) with prey on and near the Grand Portage Indian Reservation, Minnesota, USA, 2012–2021. Proportion of overlap was calculated using 95% wolf UDs and 95% occurrence distributions of (A) moose (Alces alces), (B) migratory white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and (C) resident deer. Points represent proportion of overlap for each wolf monitored during winter, spring migration (spring), summer, and fall migration (fall). Individual wolf characteristics are indicated where circles represent females, triangles represent males, and colors indicate pack affiliations (FL = floating, NE = northeast, NW = northwest, and SW = southwest).