Fig. 4

Movement path of a ferruginous hawk (hawk ID 196a; fall 2013) performing a fall migration from its breeding territory in Alberta, Canada, to its wintering grounds in northern Mexico, including a stopover. Locations are plotted on three separate axes (from top to bottom: x–y, t–x, and t–y) and are coloured based on behavioural state as classified by the \(c = 2\) model (black = nonmigratory; red = migration, pre-stopover; purple = stopover; blue = migration, post-stopover). Vertical dashed lines on the bottom two panels represent the migration timings estimated by the \(c = 1\) model, where the second part of the migration is omitted entirely