Fig. 2
From: Ponds as experimental arenas for studying animal movement: current research and future prospects
Schematic illustration of a manipulative experiment designed to investigate the impact of habitat complexity/patchiness on predator-prey dynamics/interactions. The predator is here represented by pike (Esox lucius), and the prey by Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis). The black cylinders depict acoustic receivers configured in an array that enables fine scale positioning of tagged fish. In the left pond, predator and prey interact in an open habitat lacking complex habitats or refuges. In the central pond, aquatic plants are used to provide a refuge only in one end of the pond to create a heterogeneous risk environment. In the right pond, aquatic plants are distributed in patches, creating a heterogenous environment for predator and prey to navigate in. The iPonds allow for quantification of high resolution behavioural and physical parameters in both predators and prey, such as distance to predator, predation events, prey foraging and heart rates, which can then be related to habitat selection and prey decisions about distance-to-refuge and visual obstruction