Fig. 2

Conceptual framework of migratory connectivity studies. Large arrows show which data types are used in which analysis, and what information can be obtained from these. Various types of data provide more or less direct information on the movement of individuals between sites or populations (1.a), which can be used either alone (2.a) or in combination (2.b) to investigate migratory connectivity at different scales and resolutions (3.a, b). Complementary data such as species abundance or occurrence (1.b) is increasingly included in combination to improve the precision and/or accuracy of analyses. Recent studies build on the output of migratory connectivity studies (3.a, b) to investigate the evolutionary causes and consequences of this connectivity in relation to additional environmental variables or population dynamics (3.c). The possibility of integrating such additional data at the same level as other complementary data (1.b) needs further investigation in order to consider migratory connectivity in its functional and dynamic aspects rather than as a static description