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Table 2 Statistics of the difference of the vertical velocity obtained using LES and simplified models for the Wyoming and Pennsylvania regions shown in Figs. 10 and 11

From: A three-dimensional model of terrain-induced updrafts for movement ecology studies

Model

Height AGL

Wyoming

Pennsylvania

8 m/s

15 m/s

8 m/s

15 m/s

μ

σ

μ

σ

μ

σ

μ

σ

BO04

30 m

0.17

0.20

0.31

0.36

0.04

0.44

0.00

0.93

Proposed

0.03

0.08

0.05

0.15

− 0.09

0.37

− 0.22

0.79

BO04

80 m

0.28

0.28

0.53

0.53

0.23

0.52

0.37

0.99

Proposed

0.01

0.07

0.03

0.13

− 0.11

0.32

− 0.25

0.67

BO04

160 m

0.37

0.33

0.70

0.66

0.48

0.68

0.85

1.26

Proposed

− 0.02

0.05

0.01

0.10

− 0.17

0.28

− 0.36

0.57

  1. For the statistics presented, only regions of modeled positive vertical velocity are considered. Mean \(\mu\) and standard deviation \(\sigma\) given in units of m/s